The past two decades have seen rapid developments in short-pulse X-ray sources, which have enabled the study of nuclear and electronic dynamics by ultrafast X-ray spectroscopies with unprecedented time resolution ranging from nanoseconds to attoseconds. In this Perspective, we discuss some of the major achievements in the study of nuclear and electronic dynamics with X-ray pulses produced by high-harmonic, free-electron-laser and synchrotron sources. The particular dynamic processes probed by X-ray radiation highlighted in this Perspective are electronic coherences on attosecond to femtosecond timescales, chemical reactions, such as dissociations, and pericyclic ring-openings, spin-crossover dynamics, ligand-exchange dynamics and structural deformations in excited states. X-ray spectroscopic probing of chemical dynamics holds great promise for the future owing to the ongoing developments of new spectroscopies, such as four-wave mixing, and the continuous improvements in emerging laboratory-based, high-harmonic sources and large-scale, facility-based, free-electron lasers.

Springer Nature
doi.org/10.1038/s41570-018-0008-8
Nat. Rev. Chem.
High-Harmonic Generation and EUV Science

Kraus, P., Zürch, M., Cushing, S., Neumark, D., & Leone, S. (2018). The ultrafast X-ray spectroscopic revolution in chemical dynamics. Nat. Rev. Chem., 2(6), 82–94. doi:10.1038/s41570-018-0008-8